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197 BCE

197 BCE

Centuries: 3rd century BC - 2nd century BC - 1st century BC Decades: 240s BC 230s BC 220s BC 210s BC 200s BC - 190s BC - 180s BC 170s BC 160s BC 150s BC 140s BC Years: 202 BC 201 BC 200 BC 199 BC 198 BC - 197 BC - 196 BC 195 BC 194 BC 193 BC 192 BC ---- Events
- Roman Spain is divided into two provinces.
- Battle of Cynoscephalae: The Romans under Titus Quinctius Flamininus defeat Philip V, Antigonid dynasty starts decline. Births
- Deaths
-
- ko:197년

Centuries

These pages contain the trends of millennia and centuries. The individual century pages contain lists of decades and years. See history for different organizations of historical events. See calendar and list of calendars for other groupings of years. For earlier time periods, see cosmological timeline, geologic timescale, evolutionary timeline, pleistocene, and logarithmic timeline.
- Paleolithic
- 10th millennium BC | 9th millennium BC | 8th millennium BC
- 7th millennium BC | 6th millennium BC | 5th millennium BC
- 5th millennium | 6th millennium | 7th millennium
- 8th millennium | 9th millennium | 10th millennium
- 11th millennium and beyond
- ja:年表 th:คริสต์ศตวรรษ simple:Centuries

3rd century BC

(2nd millennium BC - 1st millennium BC - 1st millennium) ----

Events


- The first two Punic Wars between Carthage and Rome over dominance in western Mediterranean
- Rome conquers Spain
- Gaulish migration to Macedonia, Thrace and Galatia
- 281 BC Antiochus I Soter, on the assassination of his father Seleucus becomes emperor of the Seleucid empire.
- 273 BC to 252 BC Ashoka the Great ruled the Mauryan Empire
- 261 BC Antiochus II Theos, 2nd son, at the death of his father becomes emperor of the Seleucid empire.
- 214 BC Qin Shi Huang Qin Dynasty ordered contruction of the Great Wall of China.
- Indian traders regularly visited Arabia
- Scythians occupy Sogdiana, in modern-day Uzbekistan.
- Han dynasty was founded (202 BC - 8 AD).
- The Pharos of Alexandria is built.

Significant persons


- Mencius, Chinese philosopher and sage (371 - 289 BC).
- Euclid, geometer (c. 365 - 275 BC).
- Ashoka, Mauryan ruler of India 273 BC - 232 BC.
- Archimedes of Syracuse, mathematician, physicist, and engineer (c. 287 - 212 BC).
- The Ptolemaic dynasty rules Egypt
  - Ptolemy I Soter (305 BC-282 BC) and his wives Eurydice and
  - Ptolemy II Philadelphos (284 BC-246 BC) and his wives Arsinoe I and Arsinoe II Philadelphos.
  - Ptolemy III Euergetes I (246 BC-222 BC) and his wife Berenice II.
  - Ptolemy IV Philopater (222 BC-204 BC) and his wife Arsinoe III.
  - Ptolemy V Epiphanes (204 BC-180 BC) and his wife Cleopatra I.
- Eratosthenes (c. 276 - 194 BC), Greek mathematician, geographer and astronomer.
- Apollonius of Perga, mathematician (c. 262 - 190 BC).
- Qin Shi Huang, Chinese Emperor (259 - 210 BC, reigned 246 - 210 BC).
- Hannibal, military leader of Carthage (247 - 182 BC).
- the "second" Brennus, Gaulish chieftain, invades Macedonia in 279 BC

Inventions, discoveries, introductions


- Eratosthenes accurately calculates diameter of the Earth
- Weiqi well-established in China, and may date back to the 2nd millennium BC
- Stone of Canopus (for Ptolemy III), No. 1, in Rosetta Stone Series of 3 stones. Implements Leap year in Egypt. Leap year not formally recognized until Caesar in 55 B.C.

Decades and years

Category:3rd century BC ko:기원전 3세기 ja:紀元前3世紀

1st century BC

(2nd millennium BC - 1st millennium BC - 1st millennium) The 1st century BC starts on January 1, 100 BC and ends on December 31, 1 BC. An alternative name for this century is the last century BC. This AD/BC notation does not use a year zero. Scientific notation does, however, and uses a minus sign, so '2 BC' is equal to 'year -1'.

Events


- The Roman Republic becomes the Roman Empire
- Birth of Jesus of Nazareth See: Chronology of Jesus' birth and death and Anno Domini for further details
- 57 BC Silla is founded in southeastern Korea (traditional date according to Samguk Sagi)
- 53 BC The Parthians defeat the Romans under Crassus in the Battle of Carrhae
- 44 BC Julius Caesar murdered
- 37 BC Goguryeo is founded in southern Manchuria (traditional date according to Samguk Sagi)
- 31 BC Roman Civil War: Battle of Actium - Off the western coast of Greece, forces of Octavian defeat troops under Mark Antony and Cleopatra.
- 18 BC Baekje is founded in midwestern Korea (traditional date according to Samguk Sagi)

Significant persons


- Caesar Augustus, Roman emperor
- Cicero, Roman politician and writer
- Cleopatra VII of Egypt, Egyptian ruler
- Horace, Roman poet
- Julius Caesar, Roman politician
- Livy, Roman historian
- Lucretius, Roman philosopher
- Marcus Antonius, Roman politician
- Marcus Junius Brutus, Caesar's adopted son, supposedly killed him
- Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, Roman statesman and general
- Ptolemy XIII of Egypt, drowned in Nile
- Ovid, Roman poet
- Virgil, Roman poet
- Spartacus, gladiator
- Tigranes the Great, king of Armenia

Inventions, discoveries, introductions


-

Decades and years

Category:1st century BC ko:기원전 1세기 ja:紀元前1世紀

Decades

:For other uses of the term, see decade (disambiguation). This is a list of decades which have articles with more information about them. See also centuries and history. During the 20th Century and continuing today it became popular to look at that century's decades as historical entities in themselves. Particular trends, styles, and attitudes would be associated with and define different decades of the century, and thus the names of the decades themselves have come to be synonymous with them. Some commentators suggest that this phenomenon will not continue into the 21st Century with its decades.
17th century BC 1690s BC 1680s BC 1670s BC 1660s BC 1650s BC 1640s BC 1630s BC 1620s BC 1610s BC 1600s BC
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1st century 0s 10s 20s 30s 40s 50s 60s 70s 80s 90s
2nd century 100s 110s 120s 130s 140s 150s 160s 170s 180s 190s
3rd century 200s 210s 220s 230s 240s 250s 260s 270s 280s 290s
4th century 300s 310s 320s 330s 340s 350s 360s 370s 380s 390s
5th century 400s 410s 420s 430s 440s 450s 460s 470s 480s 490s
6th century 500s 510s 520s 530s 540s 550s 560s 570s 580s 590s
7th century 600s 610s 620s 630s 640s 650s 660s 670s 680s 690s
8th century 700s 710s 720s 730s 740s 750s 760s 770s 780s 790s
9th century 800s 810s 820s 830s 840s 850s 860s 870s 880s 890s
10th century 900s 910s 920s 930s 940s 950s 960s 970s 980s 990s
11th century 1000s 1010s 1020s 1030s 1040s 1050s 1060s 1070s 1080s 1090s
12th century 1100s 1110s 1120s 1130s 1140s 1150s 1160s 1170s 1180s 1190s
13th century 1200s 1210s 1220s 1230s 1240s 1250s 1260s 1270s 1280s 1290s
14th century 1300s 1310s 1320s 1330s 1340s 1350s 1360s 1370s 1380s 1390s
15th century 1400s 1410s 1420s 1430s 1440s 1450s 1460s 1470s 1480s 1490s
16th century 1500s 1510s 1520s 1530s 1540s 1550s 1560s 1570s 1580s 1590s
17th century 1600s 1610s 1620s 1630s 1640s 1650s 1660s 1670s 1680s 1690s
18th century 1700s 1710s 1720s 1730s 1740s 1750s 1760s 1770s 1780s 1790s
19th century 1800s 1810s 1820s 1830s 1840s 1850s 1860s 1870s 1880s 1890s
20th century 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s
21st century 2000s 2010s 2020s 2030s 2040s 2050s 2060s 2070s 2080s 2090s
ja:10年紀 simple:Decade Category:Decades

240s BC

Centuries: 4th century BC - 3rd century BC - 2nd century BC Decades: 290s BC 280s BC 270s BC 260s BC 250s BC - 240s BC - 230s BC 220s BC 210s BC 200s BC 190s BC Years: 249 BC 248 BC 247 BC 246 BC 245 BC 244 BC 243 BC 242 BC 241 BC 240 BC ----

Events and trends


- Category:240s BC

220s BC

Centuries: 4th century BC - 3rd century BC - 2nd century BC Decades: 270s BC 260s BC 250s BC 240s BC 230s BC - 220s BC - 210s BC 200s BC 190s BC 180s BC 170s BC Years: 229 BC 228 BC 227 BC 226 BC 225 BC 224 BC 223 BC 222 BC 221 BC 220 BC ----

Events and trends


- Category:220s BC

210s BC

Centuries: 4th century BC - 3rd century BC - 2nd century BC Decades: 260s BC 250s BC 240s BC 230s BC 220s BC - 210s BC - 200s BC 190s BC 180s BC 170s BC 160s BC Years: 219 BC 218 BC 217 BC 216 BC 215 BC 214 BC 213 BC 212 BC 211 BC 210 BC ----

Events and trends


- The Second Punic War began when Hannibal conquers Saguntum, then leads an army through southern Gaul and across the Alps into Italy. He proceeded to defeat every army Rome sent against him, the Battle of Cannae being his most famous victory. Category:210s BC

200s BC

Centuries: 4th century BC - 3rd century BC - 2nd century BC Decades: 250s BC 240s BC 230s BC 220s BC 210s BC - 200s BC - 190s BC 180s BC 170s BC 160s BC 150s BC Years: 209 BC 208 BC 207 BC 206 BC 205 BC 204 BC 203 BC 202 BC 201 BC 200 BC ----

Events and trends


- Han Dynasty founded in China.
- After severe losses, Roman determination kept them fighting in the Second Punic War against Hannibal. As a result, they wore down Carthaginian forces in Spain and Sicily, then launched a series of raids across the Mediterranean Sea that forced Hannibal to withdraw back to northern Africa, where he was at last decisively defeated in the Battle of Zama. Category:200s BC

180s BC

Centuries: 3rd century BC - 2nd century BC - 1st century BC Decades: 230s BC 220s BC 210s BC 200s BC 190s BC - 180s BC - 170s BC 160s BC 150s BC 140s BC 130s BC Years: 189 BC 188 BC 187 BC 186 BC 185 BC 184 BC 183 BC 182 BC 181 BC 180 BC ----

Events and trends


- Category:180s BC

170s BC

Centuries: 3rd century BC - 2nd century BC - 1st century BC Decades: 220s BC 210s BC 200s BC 190s BC 180s BC - 170s BC - 160s BC 150s BC 140s BC 130s BC 120s BC Years: 179 BC 178 BC 177 BC 176 BC 175 BC 174 BC 173 BC 172 BC 171 BC 170 BC ----

Events and trends


- Category:170s BC

150s BC

Centuries: 3rd century BC - 2nd century BC - 1st century BC Decades: 200s BC 190s BC 180s BC 170s BC 160s BC - 150s BC - 140s BC 130s BC 120s BC 110s BC 100s BC Years: 159 BC 158 BC 157 BC 156 BC 155 BC 154 BC 153 BC 152 BC 151 BC 150 BC ----

Events and trends


- Category:150s BC

Year

A year is the time between two recurrences of an event related to the orbit of the Earth around the Sun. By extension, this can be applied to any planet: for example, a "Martian year" is a year on Mars.

Seasonal year

A seasonal year is the time between successive recurrences of a seasonal event such as the flooding of a river, the migration of a species of bird, the flowering of a species of plant, the first frost, or the first scheduled game of a certain sport. All of these events can have wide variations of more than a month from year to year.

Calendar year

A calendar year is the time between two dates with the same name in a calendar. Solar calendars usually aim to predict the seasons, but because the length of individual seasonal years varies significantly, they instead use an astronomical year as a surrogate. For example, the ancient Egyptians used the heliacal rising of Sirius to predict the flooding of the Nile. The Gregorian calendar aims to keep the vernal equinox on or close to March 21; hence it follows the vernal equinox year. The average length of its year is 365.2425 days. No astronomical year has an integer number of days or months, so any calendar that follows an astronomical year must have a system of intercalation such as leap years. In the formerly used Julian calendar, the average length of a year was 365.25 days. This is still used as a convenient time unit in astronomy, see below.

Astronomical years

Julian year

The Julian year, as used in astronomy and other sciences, is a time unit defined as exactly 365.25 days. This is the normal meaning of the unit "year" (symbol "a" from the Latin annus, annata) used in various scientific contexts. The Julian century of 36525 days and the Julian millennium of 365250 days are used in astronomical calculations. Fundamentally, expressing a time interval in Julian years is a way to precisely specify how many days (not how many "real" years), for long time intervals where stating the number of days would be unwieldy and unintuitive.

Sidereal year

The sidereal year is the time for the Earth to complete one revolution of its orbit, as measured in a fixed frame of reference (such as the fixed stars, Latin sidus). Its duration in SI days of 86,400 SI seconds each is on average: :365.256 363 051 days (365 d 6 h 9 min 9 s) (at the epoch J2000.0 = 2000 January 1 12:00:00 TT).

Tropical year

A tropical year is the time for the Earth to complete one revolution with respect to the framework provided by the intersection of the ecliptic (the plane of the orbit of the Earth) and the plane of the equator (the plane perpendicular to the rotation axis of the Earth). Because of the precession of the equinoxes, this framework moves slowly westward along the ecliptic with respect to the fixed stars (with a period of about 26,000 tropical years); as a consequence, the Earth completes this year before it completes a full orbit as measured in a fixed reference frame. Therefore a tropical year is shorter than the sidereal year. The exact length of a tropical year depends on the chosen starting point: for example the vernal equinox year is the time between successive vernal equinoxes. The mean tropical year (averaged over all ecliptic points) is: :365.242 189 67 days (365 d 5 h 48 min 45 s) (at the epoch J2000.0).

Anomalistic year

The anomalistic year is the time for the Earth to complete one revolution with respect to its apsides. The orbit of the Earth is elliptical; the extreme points, called apsides, are the perihelion, where the Earth is closest to the Sun (January 2 in 2000), and the aphelion, where the Earth is farthest from the Sun (July 2 in 2000). Because of gravitational disturbances by the other planets, the shape and orientation of the orbit are not fixed, and the apsides slowly move with respect to a fixed frame of reference. Therefore the anomalistic year is slightly longer than the sidereal year. It takes about 112,000 years for the ellipse to revolve once relative to the fixed stars. The anomalistic year is also longer than the tropical year (which calendars attempt to track) and so the date of the perihelion gradually advances every year. It takes about 21,000 years for the ellipse to revolve once relative to the vernal equinox, thus for the date of perihelion to return to the same place (given a calendar that tracks the seasons perfectly). The average duration of the anomalistic year is: :365.259 635 864 days (365 d 6 h 13 min 52 s) (at the epoch J2000.0).

Draconic year

The draconitic year, eclipse year or ecliptic year is the time for the Sun (as seen from the Earth) to complete one revolution with respect to the same lunar node (a point where the Moon's orbit intersects the ecliptic). This period is associated with eclipses: these occur only when both the Sun and the Moon are near these nodes; so eclipses occur within about a month of every half eclipse year. Hence there are two eclipse seasons every eclipse year. The average duration of the eclipse year is: :346.620 075 883 days (346 d 14 h 52 min 54 s) (at the epoch J2000.0). :This term is sometimes also used to designate the time it takes for a complete revolution of the Moon's ascending node around the ecliptic: 18.612 815 932 years (6798.331 019 days).

Fumocy

The full moon cycle or fumocy is the time for the Sun (as seen from the Earth) to complete one revolution with respect to the perigee of the Moon's orbit. This period is associated with the apparent size of the full moon, and also with the varying duration of the anomalistic month. The duration of one full moon cycle is: :411.784 430 29 days (411 d 18 h 49 min 34 s) (at the epoch J2000.0).

Heliacal year

A heliacal year is the interval between the heliacal risings of a star. It equals the sidereal year only if the star is on the ecliptic. It differs from the sidereal year for stars north or south of the ecliptic because of the significant angle (23.5°) between Earth's celestial equator and the ecliptic.

Sothic year

The Sothic year is the interval between heliacal risings of the star Sirius. Its duration is very close to the mean Julian year of 365.25 days.

Gaussian year

The Gaussian year is the sidereal year for a planet of negligible mass (relative to the Sun) and unperturbed by other planets that is governed by the Gaussian gravitational constant. Such a planet would be slightly closer to the Sun than Earth's mean distance. Its length is: :365.256 898 3 days (365 d 6 h 9 min 56 s).

Besselian year

The Besselian year is a tropical year that starts when the fictitious mean Sun reaches an ecliptic longitude of 280°. This is currently on or close to 1 January. It is named after the 19th century German astronomer and mathematician Friedrich Bessel. An approximate formula to compute the current time in Besselian years from the Julian day is: :B = 2000 + (JD - 2451544.53)/365.242189

Great year

The Great year, Platonic year, or Equinoctial cycle corresponds to a complete revolution of the equinoxes around the ecliptic. Its length is approximately 25,770.639 22 years (9,412,725 d 23 h 22 min).

Variation in the length of the year and the day

The exact length of an astronomical year changes over time. The main sources of this change are: #The precession of the equinoxes changes the position of astronomical events with respect to the apsides of Earth's orbit. An event moving toward perihelion recurs with a decreasing period from year to year; an event moving toward aphelion recurs with an increasing period from year to year. #The gravitational influence of the Moon and planets changes the shape of the Earth's orbit. Tidal drag between the Earth and the Moon and Sun increases the length of the day and of the month. This in turn depends on factors such as continental rebound and sea level rise. It is also suspected that changes in the effective mass of the sun, caused by nuclear fusion, could have a significant impact on the earth year over time.

Summary of various kinds of year


- 353, 354 or 355 days — the lengths of regular years in some lunisolar calendars
- 354.37 days — 12 lunar months; the average length of a year in lunar calendars
- 365 days — a common year in many solar calendars; ~31.53 million seconds
- 365.24219 days — a mean tropical year near the year 2000
- 365.2424 days — a vernal equinox year.
- 365.2425 days — the average length of a year in the Gregorian calendar
- 365.25 days — the average length of a year in the Julian calendar; the light year is based on it; it is 31,557,600 seconds
- 365.2564 days — a sidereal year
- 366 days — a leap year in many solar calendars; 31.62 million seconds
- 383, 384 or 385 days — the lengths of leap years in some lunisolar calendars
- 383.9 days — 13 lunar months; a leap year in some lunisolar calendars An average Gregorian year is 365.2425 days = 52.1775 weeks, 8,765.82 hours = 525,949.2 minutes = 31,556,952 seconds (mean solar, not SI). A common year is 365 days = 8,760 hours = 525,600 minutes = 31,536,000 seconds. A leap year is 366 days = 8,784 hours = 527,040 minutes = 31,622,400 seconds. An easy to remember approximation for the number of seconds in a year is \begin\pi\end×107 seconds. The 400-year cycle of the Gregorian calendar has 146097 days and hence exactly 20871 weeks. See also Numerical facts about the Gregorian calendar.

See also


- Calendar
- List of calendars
- 1 E7 s
- Jera Category:Units of time zh-min-nan:Nî ms:Tahun ja:年 simple:Year

201 BC

Centuries: 4th century BC - 3rd century BC - 2nd century BC Decades: 250s BC 240s BC 230s BC 220s BC 210s BC - 200s BC - 190s BC 180s BC 170s BC 160s BC 150s BC Years: 206 BC 205 BC 204 BC 203 BC 202 BC - 201 BC - 200 BC 199 BC 198 BC 197 BC 196 BC ---- Events
- Philip V of Macedon is defeated at sea by the Egyptians, Rhodians, and Pergamese in the Battle of Chios.
- In Rome, according to Livy, land was distributed to veterans of the Second Punic War, in the first instance of a practice that later became commonplace.
- Construction of Nanchang started. Births
- Deaths
- Category:200s BC ko:201년

200 BC

Centuries: 3rd century BC - 2nd century BC - 1st century BC Decades: 250s BC 240s BC 230s BC 220s BC 210s BC - 200s BC - 190s BC 180s BC 170s BC 160s BC 150s BC Years: 205 BC 204 BC 203 BC 202 BC 201 BC - 200 BC - 199 BC 198 BC 197 BC 196 BC 195 BC ---- Events
- Rome declares war upon Philip V, king of Macedon. Second Macedonian War begins.
- Roman forces defeat the Gauls of Cisalpine Gaul at Cremona
- Hannibal becomes Chief Magistrate of Carthage.
- The Bacchanalia are introduced in the Roman Empire. (approximate date)
- City of Tiwanaku founded near Lake Titicaca, in what is now modern Bolivia.
- Construction of Wei-Yang Palace in the Han Dynasty capital (Chang'an)
- Euthydemus I of the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom dies and is succeeded by his son Demetrius I of Bactria (approximate date).
- The Hsiung-nu appear on the western borders of China.
- The first good measurement on the distance between Earth and the Sun was made by Eratosthenes. By studying lunar eclipses, his result was roughly 150 000 000 km. The currently accepted value is 149 597 870 691 ± 30 metres. Births
- Diophantus, Greek mathematician (approximate date of birth) Deaths
- Euthydemus I of the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom (approximate date).
- ko:200년

198 BC

Centuries: 3rd century BC - 2nd century BC - 1st century BC Decades: 240s BC 230s BC 220s BC 210s BC 200s BC - 190s BC - 180s BC 170s BC 160s BC 150s BC 140s BC Years: 203 BC 202 BC 201 BC 200 BC 199 BC - 198 BC - 197 BC 196 BC 195 BC 194 BC 193 BC ---- Events
- Battle of Panium Antiochus III the Great secures the conquest of Coele-Syria and Judea from Egypt with this victory
- Battle of the Aous Roman forces under Titus Quinctius Flamininus defeat the Macedonians under Philip V
- Abdera becomes a free city under Roman rule. Births
- Deaths
-
- ko:198년

196 BC

Centuries: 3rd century BC - 2nd century BC - 1st century BC Decades: 240s BC 230s BC 220s BC 210s BC 200s BC - 190s BC - 180s BC 170s BC 160s BC 150s BC 140s BC Years: 201 BC 200 BC 199 BC 198 BC 197 BC - 196 BC - 195 BC 194 BC 193 BC 192 BC 191 BC ---- Events
- March 27 - Council of Priests at Memphis pass a decree praising the deeds of Ptolemy V, which is recorded on the Rosetta Stone.
- At the Isthmian Games, the Roman Titus Quinctius Flamininus proclaims the Greeks to be a free people.
- Rome subjugates Comum in northern Italy.
- Lucius Stertinius erects triumphal arches in Rome to commemorate his victories in Spain.
- A new category of Roman priests, the tresviri epulones, are elected to supervise the feasts of the gods; the first three are Gaius Licinius Lucullus, Publius Manlius, and Publius Porcius Laeca.
- Hannibal takes control of the government of Carthage in order to end widespread corruption. Births
- Deaths
- Han Xin Chinese military leader under Liu Bang, who founded the Han dynasty.
- ko:196년

194 BC

Centuries: 3rd century BC - 2nd century BC - 1st century BC Decades: 240s BC 230s BC 220s BC 210s BC 200s BC - 190s BC - 180s BC 170s BC 160s BC 150s BC 140s BC Years: 199 BC 198 BC 197 BC 196 BC 195 BC - 194 BC - 193 BC 192 BC 191 BC 190 BC 189 BC ---- Events
- Battle of Mutina: Romans are victorious over the Gauls.
- In the Battle of Gythium, Philopoemen of the Achaean League, assisted by the Romans, defeats the Spartans under Nabis.
- Liternum and Puteoli become Roman colonies.
- Construction of the first city wall of Chang'an began.
- Wiman Joseon kingdom of northern Korea founded by Chinese Han Dynasty general Wiman. Births
- Deaths
- Eratosthenes, Greek mathematician and astronomer
- Concubine Qi, favoured concubine of Emperor Han Gaozu
- ko:194년

192 BC

Centuries: 3rd century BC - 2nd century BC - 1st century BC Decades: 240s BC 230s BC 220s BC 210s BC 200s BC - 190s BC - 180s BC 170s BC 160s BC 150s BC 140s BC Years: 197 BC 196 BC 195 BC 194 BC 193 BC - 192 BC - 191 BC 190 BC 189 BC 188 BC 187 BC ---- Events
- Rome declares war upon Antiochus III the Great, king of Syria. Births
- Deaths
-
- ko:192년

Battle of Cynoscephalae

For the earlier battle fought here, see Battle of Cynoscephalae (364 BC). The Battle of Cynoscephalae was fought in Thessaly in 197 BC between the Roman army, led by Titus Quinctius Flamininus, and the Antigonid dynasty of Macedon, led by Philip V. Flamininus, with his allies from the Aetolian League, were stationed at Thebes, and marched out towards Pherae in search of Philip, who was at Larisa. When Flamininus began his march to Larisa he had under his command about 32,500 to 33,400 soldiers, along with troops from the Aetolian League, light infantry from Athamania, mercenary archers from Crete, and elephants and Numidian cavalry from King Masinissa of Numidia. Philip had about 16,000 infantry in phalanx formation, 2,000 peltasts, 5,500 light infantry from Illyria, Thrace, and Crete, and 2,000 cavalry, 22,500 troops overall. The two armies met near Pherae, and Philip's troops were defeated in a cavalry skirmish on the hills outside the city. Both sides then marched toward Scotusa in search of food, but out of sight of each other because of the hills. During the march there was a heavy rainstorm, and the morning after there was a fog over the hills and fields separating both camps. Despite this, Philip resumed his march, and his troops became confused and disoriented, ending up on the Cynoscephalae hills. Flamininus sent out his cavalry, which engaged Philip's troops when they unexpectedly came upon the Macedonian camp. Flamininus sent 500 cavalry and 2,000 infantry as reinforcements, forcing Philip to withdraw further up the hill. The commander of Philip's mercenaries, Athenagoras, chased the Romans off the hill, and, having been told that they were fleeing in disorder, Philip reluctantly decided to move his troops into the field below the hill. Flamininus positioned his troops on the field as well. He left his right wing in reserve, with his elephants in front, and personally led the left wing of light infantry against Philip. Flamininus joined with the reinforcements he had sent ahead earlier, and came up against the phalanx making up Philip's right wing. The phalanx was useless against the less rigidly organized Roman legions, and after they were repulsed the first time, Philip had his hoplites throw away their spears and fight with their swords. He repositioned his troops so that the line was twice as deep, and placed the cavalry and light infantry on the right wing. Philip's right wing was now on higher ground than the Roman left, and was at first successful against them. His left wing and center, however, were still disorganized, and Flamininus sent his elephants charging into them, routing them completely. After breaking through, one of the Roman tribunes took twenty maniples (a smaller division of the legion) and attacked the Macedonian right wing from behind. The Macedonians, although without their long spears, were still in phalanx formation and were unable to reposition themselves as quickly as the Roman maniples. Now surrounded by both wings of the Roman legion, they suffered heavy casualties and soon fled. After a brief pursuit, Flamininus allowed Philip to escape. According to Polybius and Livy, 8,000 Macedonians had been killed (although Livy states that other sources claim 32,000 Macedonians were killed). Flamininus also took 5,000 prisoners. The Romans lost about 700 men. This Macedonian defeat marks the passing of imperial power from the successors of Alexander the Great to Rome. Along with the later Battle of Pydna, this defeat also showed that the Macedonian phalanx, formerly the most effective fighting unit in the ancient world, was now obsolete. Although the peace that followed allowed Philip to keep his kingdom intact as a buffer state between Greece and Illyria, Flamininus proclaimed that the Greek states formerly under Macedonian domination were now free. Philip also had to pay 1,000 talents (around $600,000) to Rome, as well as disband his navy and most of his army.

Links


- [http://www.livius.org/a/battlefields/cynoscephalae/cynoscephalae.html Pictures] Cynoscephalae Cynoscephalae Category:197 BC



Titus Quinctius Flamininus

Titus Quinctius Flamininus (c. 228 BC-174 BC) was a Roman politician and general. Member of the gens Quinctia, he served as a military tribune in the Second Punic war and in 205 BC he was appointed propraetor in Tarentum. He was a curule aedile in Rome in 203 BC and a quaestor in 199 BC. He became consul in 198 BC, despite being only about 30 years old, younger than the constitutional age required to serve in that position. After his election to the consulship he was chosen to replace Publius Sulpicius Galba as general during the Second Macedonian War. He chased Philip V of Macedon out of most of Greece, except for a few fortresses, defeating him at the Battle of the Aous, but as his term as consul was coming to an end he attempted to establish a peace with the Macedonian king. During the negotiations, Flamininus was made proconsul, giving him the authority to continue the war rather than finishing the negotiations. In 197 BC he defeated Philip at the Battle of Cynoscephalae in Thessaly, the Roman legions making the Macedonian phalanx obsolete in the process. Philip was forced to surrender, give up all the Greek cities he had conquered, and pay Rome 1000 talents, but his kingdom was left intact to serve as a buffer state between Greece and Illyria. This displeased the Achaean League, Rome's allies in Greece, who wanted Macedon to be dismantled completely. In 196 BC Flamininus appeared at the Isthmian Games in Corinth and proclaimed the freedom of the Greek states. He was fluent in Greek and was a great admirer of Greek culture, and the Greeks hailed him as their liberator; they minted coins with his portrait, and in some cities he was deified. According to Livy, this was the act of an unselfish Hellenophile, although it seems more likely that Flamininus understood freedom as liberty for the aristocracy of Greece, who would then become clients of Rome, as opposed to being subjected to Macedonian rule. With his Greek allies, Flamininus plundered Sparta, before returning to Rome in triumph along with 1200 freed slaves who had been taken captive and sold in Greece during the Second Punic War. Meanwhile, Eumenes II of Pergamum appealed to Rome for help against the Seleucid king Antiochus III. Flamininus was sent to negotiate with him in 192 BC, and warned him not to interfere with the Greek states. Antiochus did not believe Flamininus had the authority to speak for the Greeks, and promised to leave Greece alone only if the Romans did the same. These negotiations came to nothing and Rome was soon at war with Antiochus. Flamininus was present at the Battle of Thermopylae in 191 BC, in which Antiochus was defeated. In 183 BC he was sent to negotiate with Prusias I of Bithynia in an attempt to capture Hannibal, who had been exiled there from Carthage, but Hannibal committed suicide to avoid being taken prisoner. Although nothing is known of him after this, Flamininus seems to have died around 174.

External link


- [http://whitewolf.newcastle.edu.au/words/authors/P/Plutarch/prose/plutachslives/flamininus.html Plutarch's Life of Flamininus] Flamininus Quinctius Titus Flamininus Quinctius Titus Flamininus Quinctius Titus Flamininus Quinctius Titus Flamininus Quinctius Titus

Antigonid dynasty

The Antigonid dynasty was a dynasty of Macedonian kings descended from Alexander the Great's general Antigonus I Monophthalmus ("the One-eyed"). Antigonus himself ruled mostly over Asia Minor and northern Syria. His attempts to take control of the whole of Alexander's empire led to his defeat and death at the Battle of Ipsus in 301 BC. Antigonus's son Demetrius I Poliorcetes survived the battle, and managed to seize control of Macedon itself a few years later, but eventually lost his throne, dying in prison. After a period of confusion, Demetrius's son Antigonus II Gonatas was able to establish the family's control over the old Kingdom of Macedon, as well as over most of the Greek city-states, by 276 BC. It was one of three such empires, the others being the Seleucid dynasty and Ptolemaic dynasty. The dynasty ended with the Roman domination of the area after the Battle of Pydna in 168 BC. The members of the Antingonid dynasty were:
- Antigonus I Monophthalmus
- Demetrius I Poliorcetes (294 BC-287 BC)
- Antigonus II Gonatas (276 BC-239 BC)
- Demetrius II (239 BC-229 BC)
- Antigonus III Doson (229 BC - 221 BC)
- Philip V (221 BC-179 BC)
- Perseus (179 BC-168 BC) Category:Macedonian monarchs

אורנת'ל ג'יימס סימפסון

thumb אורנת'ל ג'יימס סימפסון (Orenthal James Simpson) (נולד 9 ביולי 1947), ידוע בראשי התיבות "או. ג'יי" (O.J.) ומכונה "המיץ" (The Juice) הוא שחקן כדורגל אמריקאי מפורסם, ששיחק גם בקולנוע (בין השאר בסדרת סרטי "האקדח מת מצחוק"). סימפסון נודע היום יותר בשל העובדה שהואשם בשנת 1994 ברצח אישתו לשעבר ניקול בראון וחברה רונלד גולדמן, וזיכויו בשנת 1995 לאחר משפט ממושך ומתוקשר. סימפסון, או.ג'.יי סימפסון קטגוריה: שחקני פוטבול אמריקאים

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